Optical and metamaterial devices based on reactive composite materials

ABSTRACT

Devices and components that can interact with or modify propagation of electromagnetic waves are provided. The design, fabrication and structures of the devices exploit the properties of reactive composite materials (RCM) and reaction products thereof.

BACKGROUND

Reactive composite materials (RCM) may include one or more reactivematerials that react upon proper excitation. Exemplary RCM includepowdered materials (e.g., powder compacts or mixtures) disposed inbinders (e.g., epoxy). Other exemplary RCM include mechanically-shapedcombinations of reactive materials (e.g., aluminum and nickel, andtitanium and boron carbide).

The RCM may be disposed as layers, islands, or particles in a compositestructure. A reaction that is suitably initiated at a starting locationor point in the RCM may self-propagate through the RCM disposed in thecomposite structure changing the structural properties of the latter.For example, Weihs et al. U.S. Patent Application No. 20060068179 A1describes electrical circuit fuses, which are made of RCM that undergoan exothermic chemical reaction and break-up to interrupt current flowin a circuit. Further, for example, Makowiecki et al. U.S. Pat. No.5,381,944 Barbee et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,795, and Van Heerden et al.U.S. Pat. No. 7,143,568 describe the use of the use of energy-releasingRCM for local joining (e.g., bonding, welding, soldering or brazing) oftwo bodies or objects. All of the aforementioned patents and patentapplication are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.

Consideration is now being given to incorporating RCM in the design,fabrication and structure of devices that can interact with or modifypropagation of electromagnetic waves. The devices of interest includedevices for interacting with or modify propagation of electromagneticwaves in any part of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., visible,infrared, ultraviolet light; X-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and otherforms of electromagnetic radiation) or to materials that interact withother forms of energy, such as acoustic or other waves.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, devices and components that can interact with or modifypropagation of electromagnetic waves are provided. The design,fabrication and structures of the devices exploit the properties ofreactive composite materials (RCM) and reaction products thereof.

A method for making, for example, an optical component, includesproviding a host material in a region defining the optical component andproviding reactive composite material(s) (RCM) in or proximate to theregion. The method further includes altering optical properties of theregion by selectively reacting a portion of the RCM in or proximate tothe region.

A customizable optical component blank includes a host material and apattern of RCM disposed in or proximate to the region defining theoptical component blank. The pattern of RCM corresponds to one or moreselectable optical component configurations.

An optical component includes a host material and reaction productmaterial resulting from selectively reacted RCM disposed in or proximateto the region defining the optical component.

A method for making, for example, a metamaterial optical component,includes disposing a plurality of RCM in or proximate to a regiondefining the metamaterial component, forming a particular arrangement ofartificial structural elements by selectively reacting the RCM in orproximate to the region defining the metamaterial component. The regionexhibits metamaterial properties related to the particular arrangementof artificial structural elements.

A customizable metamaterial component blank includes a pattern of RCMdisposed in or proximate to a region defining the metamaterial componentblank. The pattern of RCM corresponds to one or more selectablemetamaterial component configurations of artificial structural elements.

A metamaterial component includes a particular arrangement of artificialstructural elements that provide metamaterial properties to themetamaterial component. The particular arrangement of artificialstructural elements includes reaction product material resulting fromselectively reacted RCM disposed in or proximate to a region definingthe metamaterial component.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to belimiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, andfeatures described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features ofthe solutions will become apparent by reference to the drawings and thefollowing detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary optical componentblank including reactive composite materials (RCM) arranged in aselected pattern, in accordance with the principles of the solutionsdescribed herein;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary customized opticalcomponent fabricated, for example, selectively reacting the RCM in theoptical component blank of FIG. 1, in accordance with the principles ofthe solutions described herein;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the optical component blank ofFIG. 1 in selected portions of the RCM are reacted to make in to make aninterconnect between two optical subregions, a filter, a polarizer andan optical cavity, in accordance with the principles of the solutionsdescribed herein;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary metamaterialcomponent blank having a selected arrangement of artificial structuralelements that include selected patterns of RCM, in accordance with theprinciples of the solutions described herein;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary pattern of RCMdistribution corresponding to a split ring resonator (SRR) device in ametamaterial component blank, in accordance with the principles of thesolutions described herein;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary customizedmetamaterial component fabricated, for example, selectively reacting theRCM in the metamaterial component blank of FIG. 4, in accordance withthe principles of the solutions described herein.

FIGS. 7 and 8 are schematic illustrations of exemplary methods formaking optical components and metamaterial components using reactivecomposite materials in accordance with the principles of the solutionsdescribed herein.

Throughout the figures, unless otherwise stated, the same referencenumerals and characters are used to denote like features, elements,components, or portions of the illustrated embodiments.

DESCRIPTION

In the following description of exemplary embodiments, reference is madeto the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. It will beunderstood that embodiments described herein are exemplary, but are notmeant to be limiting. Further, it will be appreciated that the solutionsdescribed herein can be practiced or implemented by other than thedescribed embodiments. Modified embodiments or alternate embodiments maybe utilized, in the sprit and scope of the solutions described herein.

Devices and components, which can interact with or modify propagation ofelectromagnetic waves, are provided. The design, fabrication andstructures of the devices exploit properties of reactive compositematerials (RCM) and their reaction products.

The devices, examples of which are described herein, may be configuredto interact with or modify propagation of electromagnetic waves in anypart of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., visible, infrared,ultraviolet, X-rays, microwaves, radio waves, and other forms ofelectromagnetic radiation). For convenience in nomenclature, all suchdevices may be referred to hereinafter as “optical components,”regardless of the particular wavelength(s) at which the devices operateor are configured to operate. Further, the devices may include deviceswhose interaction with electromagnetic waves is a direct function of thenative electromagnetic properties (e.g., permittivity and permeability)of constituent materials in the device, and also devices whoseinteraction with electromagnetic waves is additionally a function of theproperties resulting from artificial structuring of the constituentmaterials. For convenience in nomenclature, the latter type of devicesmay be referred to hereinafter as “metamaterial components.”Metamaterial components having artificial structural elements mayexhibit unusual properties (e.g., negative permittivity and/orpermeability) at wavelengths that are, for example, several times largerthan a spacing between the artificial structural elements in thecomponents.

Metamaterials and their applications have been described, for example,in Pendry, et al., “Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens”, Phys.Rev. Lett. 85, 3966-3969 (2000), D. R. Smith et al., “Metamaterials andnegative refractive index,” Science, 305, 788 (2004), D. R. Smith etal., “Design and measurement of anisotropic metamaterials that exhibitnegative refraction,” IEICE Trans. Electron., E87-C, 359 (2004). All ofthe aforementioned publications are incorporated by reference in theirentireties herein.

FIGS. 1-6 show exemplary optical and metamaterial component structures(100-600) that include RCM and/or RCM reaction products in or proximateto regions defining the components. The RCM may include reactivepowdered materials (e.g., powder compacts or mixtures) disposed inbinders (e.g., epoxy). Other exemplary RCM may includemechanically-shaped combinations of reactive materials including, forexample, one or more of reactive metals, metal oxides, Ba, carbon andits compounds, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Fe, Hf, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti,Th, V, W, and Zr. Mo, Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ni. Zr, B,C, Si, Al, Fe₂0₃, Cu_(z)O, MoO₃, FeCo, FeCoO_(x), a carbide, a nitride,monel, an alloy, a metallic glass, or a metal ceramic.

The RCM assembled or incorporated in the components may have anysuitable form (e.g., multilayers, islands, particles, nanofoils etc.).Further, any suitable fabrication method may be used to assemble orfabricate the RCM. The suitable method may include mechanical shaping(e.g., milling, machining, swaging, rolling, pressing, etc.) and/orphysical and chemical deposition and etching (e.g., chemical vapordeposition, sputter deposition, etc.) Likewise, any suitable fabricationtechnique may be used to assemble or incorporate RCM in a component(e.g., in a host material of the component).

The type and shape of RCM incorporated in a component may be suitablyselected, for example, in consideration of the contribution of thematerial properties of the RCM (and its products) to the component'selectromagnetic behavior, and/or in consideration of the reactiveproperties of the RCM (e.g., heats of reaction, reactionself-propagation velocity, nature and form or reaction products). Seee.g., M. E. Reiss, C. M. Esber, D. Van Heerden, A. J. Gavens, M. E.Williams, and T. P. Weihs, “Self-propagating formation reactions inNb/Si multilayers,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A 261, 217 (1999), which isincorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The cited referencedescribes self-propagating formation reactions in Nb/Si multilayers anddemonstrates that their reaction velocities decrease as the individualNb and Si layers thicken.

Further, the type and shape of RCM incorporated in the incorporated in acomponent may be selected in consideration of the suitability ofapplicable reaction initiation methods (e.g., ignition by electricalspark, pressure, electromagnetic pulses etc.).

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary customizable optical component blank 100,which includes a host material 102 in a region defining the blank. Thehost material may be any suitable material (e.g., glass, epoxy, etc.),which is transparent, for example, at electromagnetic wavelengthsselected for component operation. One or more RCM elements (102 and 106)are disposed in or proximate to the region defining the opticalcomponent blank. The RCM elements are disposed in a pattern 106′corresponding to one or more selectable optical component configurationsthat can be obtained by selectively reacting the RCM elements. At leastone of the selectable optical component configurations may correspond toa transmissive optical component including, but not limited to a lens, agrating, a filter, a polarizer, a waveguide, an optical cavity, anoptical interconnect, and/or an interferometer.

With reference to FIG. 1, a 2-dimensional pattern 106′ of RCM elements106, which have rectangular cross sectional shapes, is disposed in hostmaterial 102 of optical component blank 100. It will be understood that2-dimensional pattern 106′ shown in FIG. 1 is only exemplary. Ingeneral, RCM pattern 106′ may have any suitable dimensions (e.g. 1-D,2-D or 3D). Further, it will be understood that RCM elements 106 mayhave any suitable shape based, for example, on optical component designand customization considerations. For example, RCM element 106 may be aNi/Si RCM nanofoil that has an increasing thickness along an axis with aview to have correspondingly decreasing reaction velocities along theaxis. In general, RCM elements 106 may have any one or more dimensional,simple or complex shapes. Likewise, RCM elements 106 may have anysuitable form. One or more RCM elements 106 may, for example, be in theform of layers, reactive nanofoils, islands, and/or particles disposedin the region defining the optical component.

One or more RCM elements 106 may be disposed in an interconnectionregion between two optical subregions in the optical component. Uponreaction, such RCM elements 106 may optically connect or disconnect thetwo optical subregions.

Optical component blank 100 may be configured so that a reaction can bestarted or initiated in selected portions of RCM pattern 106′ (and/orproximate RCM elements 104) by any suitable technique (e.g., a spark orignition pulse, an applied energy pulse, an optical energy pulse,applied pressure, etc.). A reaction that is started or initiated in aportion of RCM pattern 106′ and/or RCM elements 104 may sustain itselfby self-propagate to other portions of RCM pattern 106 in a controlledmanner according to the structure and composition of the RCM.

The reaction may result in changes in the composition of blank 100. Forexample, a dielectric constituent may change into a metal, a metal maychange into a dielectric material, and/or one dielectric constituent maychange into another dielectric material upon reaction. Further, thereaction may result in changes in the structure of blank 100 due to, forexample, differences in volumes of pre- and post-reacted RCM, and/orheat absorbed or generated in the reaction.

The changes in composition and structure of blank 100 upon reaction maybe in the RCM constituents and/or the host material constituents. Forexample, the RCM reaction may generate exothermic heat (or absorbendothermic heat) to modify properties (e.g., dielectric properties) ofhost material portions adjoining the RCM. Further, for example, the RCMreaction may result in diffusion, mixing and/or chemical reaction ofmaterial species between the RCM and host material 110.

One or more optical properties of the region defining optical componentblank 100 may be responsive to a reaction of the RCM therein. Theoptical properties that are affected or depend upon a state of the RCM(e.g., reacted or unreacted) include, for example, a permittivity, anindex of refraction, an absorption coefficient, a spectral property, atransmission property, or an optical confinement property of the region.The property may be an RF, MW, THz, IR, visible, and/or UV property.Likewise, one or more mechanical or structural properties (e.g., shape,size, elasticity, volume, density, and/or crystallinity) of opticalcomponent blank 100 may be responsive to a reaction of the RCM therein.

An optical component formed selectively customizing optical componentblank 100 may be a transmissive optical component. Further, the opticalcomponent may include simple or complex optical devices or structures(e.g., a lens, a grating, a waveguide, an optical cavity, an opticalinterconnect, a filter, a polarizer, an interferometer, etc.), which mayoperate at one or more selected electromagnetic wavelengths.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show exemplary optical components that may be obtained byselectively reacting RCM elements 106 in optical component blank 100.FIG. 2 shows, for example, an optical component 200 having a planolens-like structure obtained by selectively reacting RCM elements 106 ina concave region 110 of blank 100. A reaction in a RCM element 106 in aconcave region 110 may be initiated by selectively applying energypulses, sparks, or pressure to blank 100. FIG. 2 shows for example, anenergy pulse focused to a selected depth to initiate a reaction in atarget RCM element 106. FIG. 2 also schematically shows reacted material108 resulting from reaction of target RCM elements 106 in region 110. Itwill be understood that reacted material 108 as shown schematically inFIG. 2 represents material and/or structural changes in both RCM andhost material in region 110.

Like FIG. 2, FIG. 3 shows an optical component 300, which may beobtained from blank 100 by selectively reacting portions of RCM pattern106′ and/or proximate RCM elements 104. Optical component 300, forexample, includes optical interconnect 302 between two opticalsubregions 304, an optical cavity 306, a polarizer 310 and a filter 312.The optical devices or structures may be characterized or defined byeither unreacted RCM elements or reacted RCM elements. For example,interconnect 302, which operates to optically interconnect subregions304 at one or more electromagnetic wavelengths may be formed by anunreacted RCM element 106 as shown, for example, in FIG. 3.Alternatively, interconnect 302 may be formed of reaction products 108.In general, reaction product material 108 may optically connect ordisconnect two optical subregions. In some instances, reaction productmaterial 108 may merely attenuate an optical link between two opticalsubregions.

The optical devices or structures obtained by selectively reacting RCMin optical blank 100 may be characterized or defined by either unreactedRCM elements and/or reacted RCM elements. For example, optical cavity306 ends may be unreacted RCM elements 106 as shown in FIG. 3. Furtherfor example, polarizer 310 may include unreacted proximate RCM element104, and filter 312 may include reaction products of a proximate RCMelement 104 and host material 102.

It will be understood that blank 100 may also include pre-formed devicesor devices structures (not shown) that are in addition to RCM elements106. These preformed devices and device structures may be independent ofdevices structures formed by reacting RCM elements 106. Additionally oralternatively, the preformed devices and device structures may bemodified by selectively reacting RCM elements 106.

The RCM reaction products and/or host material reaction products (e.g.,reaction products 108 and filter 312) may include a reaction product ofone or more of reactive metals, metal oxides, Ba, carbon and itscompounds, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Fe, Hf, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti, Th,V, W, and Zr. Mo, Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ni. Zr, B, C,Si, Al, Fe₂0₃, Cu_(z)O, MoO₃, FeCo, FeCoO_(x), a carbide, a nitride,monel, an alloy, a metallic glass, or a metal ceramic. The reactionproduct(s) may be disposed in a multi-dimensional pattern in the regiondefining the optical component (e.g., component 200 and 300).

One or more optical properties of an optical component formed bycustomizing blank 100 by selectively reacting RCM therein are a functionof the reaction product material left in the component. An opticalproperty may, for example, be a permittivity, an index of refraction, anabsorption coefficient, a conductivity, a magnetic susceptibility, aspectral property, a transmission property, or a reflection property ofthe region defining the component. The optical property may be a RF, MW,THz, IR, visible, and/or UV property. Further, mechanical and orstructural properties (e.g., shape, elasticity, size, density,crystallinity, etc.) of the optical component are a function of thereaction product material left in the component.

Attention is now directed to metamaterials. FIGS. 4-6 show an exemplarymetamaterial component blank 400, an exemplary RCM distribution 500corresponding to a metamaterial device 500′, and an exemplarymetamaterial component 600, respectively.

Many structures and systems incorporating metamaterials employ discretecomponents (e.g., split ring resonators, oscillators, transmissionlines, Swiss rolls, nanorods, fishnets, or similar structures). A rangeof illustrative metamaterial structures can be found in ChristopheCaloz, Tatsuo Itoh, “Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission LineTheory and Microwave Applications,” ISBN: 0-471-66985-7, November 2005,Wiley-IEEE Press, G. V. Eleftheriades, K. G Balmain,“Negative-Refraction Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles andApplications,” ISBN: 0-471-74474-3, August 2005, and V. M. Shalaev,“Optical Negative-Index Metamaterials,” Nature Photonics, pp 41-48, Vol1, January 2007. Further, commonly owned United States PatentApplication publication No. 20070188385 A1 describes a variablemetamaterial apparatus. All of the aforementioned publications andpatent application are incorporated by reference in their entiretiesherein.

Exemplary metamaterial component blank 400, RCM distribution 500, andmetamaterial component 600 may include or correspond to any of theillustrative metamaterial structures that are described in theincorporated references or other metamaterial structures.

With reference to FIG. 4, exemplary metamaterial component blank 400includes a pattern 106′ of RCM elements 106 disposed in or proximate toa region defining a metamaterial component. Pattern 106′ of RCM elements106 corresponds to one or more selectable metamaterial componentconfigurations 406′ of artificial structural elements 406. RCM elements106 may include RCM having any suitable composition, shape or form(e.g., nanofoils, multilayers, islands, particles, etc.) Artificialstructural elements 406 may include at least one structural elementhaving a dimension that is similar to or less than a selected wavelengthat which a selected metamaterial component configuration exhibitsmetamaterial properties. The selected wavelength at which a selectedmetamaterial component configuration exhibits metamaterial propertiesmay be in any part of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., a wavelengthin the RF, MW, THz, IR, visible, or UV ranges of the electromagneticspectrum). The artificial structural elements may include any suitablemetamaterial component or part thereof (e.g., split ring resonators,oscillators, transmission lines, Swiss rolls, or similar structures).

RCM elements 106, which are disposed in metamaterial component blank400, may correspond to all or any part of a metamaterial component oradjoining portions thereof. For example, when the metamaterial componentis a split ring resonator, RCM elements 106 may correspond to all orpart of a split ring, to portions between or adjoining the split rings,and/or to structures below or above a plane containing a split ring.FIG. 5 shows, for example, an exemplary disposition of RCM elements106A, B and C corresponding to metamaterial component device 500, whichis a split ring resonator having inner and outer annular split rings. Itwill be noted that RCM elements 106 in metamaterial component blank 400may be of different types (e.g. RCM elements 106A, B and C).

Like the RCM elements 106 optical component blank 400, RCM elements inmetamaterial component blank 400 may be selectively applying energypulses, sparks, and/or pressure to blank 400 to initiate a controlledreaction (e.g., a self-propagating reaction) therein. Like a RCMreaction in optical blank 100, the reaction in blank 400 may result inchanges in the composition of blank 400. For example, a dielectricconstituent may change into a metal, a metal may change into adielectric material, and/or one dielectric constituent may change intoanother dielectric material upon reaction. For example, with referenceto FIG. 5, RCM element 106 A may change from a metal into a dielectric,RCM element 106 B may change from dielectric to a metal, and RCM element106 C may change from one dielectric to another dielectric. Further, thereaction may result in changes in the structure of blank 400 due to, forexample, differences in volumes of pre- and post-reacted RCM andadjoining portions, and/or heat absorbed or generated in the reaction.

Physical (including in some cases electromagnetic), mechanical, andmaterial properties (e.g., a permittivity, an index of refraction,anisotropy, an absorption coefficient, a gain, a conductivity, amagnetic susceptibility, a spectral property, a transmission property,or a reflection property, shape, size, crystallinity, etc.) ofmetamaterial component blank 400 may depend on a reaction state (e.g.,reacted or unreacted) of the RCM. Accordingly, a metamaterial propertyexhibited by metamaterial component blank 400 at a selectedelectromagnetic wavelength can be a function of the reaction state ofthe RCM therein. RCM elements 106 in metamaterial component blank 400may be selectively reacted to obtain a selected configuration 406′ ofartificial structure elements 406 that gives rise to a particularmetamaterial property.

FIGS. 5 and 6 show exemplary metamaterial components/devices that may beobtained by selectively reacting RCM elements 106 in metamaterialcomponent blank 400 to make material and/or structural changes in bothRCM and/or host material regions of metamaterial component blank 400.The exemplary metamaterial components/devices include particulararrangements of artificial structural elements with at least oneartificial structural element having a dimension that is less than aselected wavelength (e.g., a wavelength in the RF, MW, THz, IR, visible,or UV ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum) at which thecomponent/devices exhibit metamaterial properties.

FIG. 5 shows exemplary split ring resonator device 500′ that may beobtained, for example, by reacting RCM element 106A, 106B and 106C indistribution 500. Further, FIG. 6 shows exemplary metamaterial component600 having a particular configuration 606′ of artificial structuralelements 606 that may be obtained by selectively reacting RCM elements106 in metamaterial component blank 400. The particular configuration orarrangement 606′ of artificial structural elements 606 may include onlyreacted materials 108, unreacted materials 106, or both, in addition tohost materials which may be present in metamaterial component blank 400.

In both device 500′ and 600, the particular arrangement of artificialstructural elements gives rise to metamaterial properties of themetamaterial component. The particular arrangement of artificialstructural elements includes reaction product material resulting fromselectively reacted RCM disposed in or proximate to a region definingthe metamaterial device or component and/or unreacted RCM material. Thereaction product material resulting from selectively reacted RCM may,for example, alter pre-existing artificial structural elements in theregion defining the metamaterial component, dielectric properties of anadjoining artificial structural element, and/or a volume occupied by theRCM.

Like in optical components 200 and 300, RCM and/or host materialreaction products in metamaterial device 500′ and component 600, mayinclude a reaction product of one or more of reactive metals, metaloxides, Ba, carbon and its compounds, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Fe, Hf, Mg, Mn,Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti, Th, V, W, and Zr. Mo, Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta,Ni, Pd, Rh, Ni. Zr, B, C, Si, Al, Fe₂0₃, Cu_(z)O, MoO₃, FeCo, FeCoO_(x),a carbide, a nitride, monel, an alloy, a metallic glass, or a metalceramic. The reaction product(s) may be disposed in a multi-dimensionalpattern in the region defining the metamaterial device or component.

Methods for making optical and/or metamaterial devices and componentsmay involve RCM materials. FIGS. 7 and 8 show exemplary methods 700 and800 for making optical and metamaterial components, respectively.

FIG. 7 shows exemplary method 700 making an optical device or componentbased on RCM materials. Method 700 includes providing a host material ina region defining an optical component (710), providing RCM in orproximate to the region defining the optical component (720) andaltering optical properties of the region by selectively reacting aportion of the RCM in or proximate to the region (730). The region maydefine a transmissive optical component. Further, the optical componentmay, for example, be a lens, a grating, a waveguide, an optical cavity,a polarizer, a filter, an optical interconnect, and/or aninterferometer.

In method 700, altering optical properties of the region involves byselectively reacting a portion of the RCM according to a selected designor pattern for customizing the optical component. The altered opticalproperties may, for example, include a permittivity, an index ofrefraction, an absorption coefficient, a spectral property, atransmission property, and/or an optical confinement property of theregion. Further, reacting the RCM may alter mechanical and structuralproperties (e.g., shape, elasticity, density, crystallinity, volume orsize) of the RCM and adjoining host material. The altered properties maybe a RF, MW, THz, IR, visible, and/or UV property of the region.

Selectively reacting a portion of the RCM in or proximate to the regionmay involve initiating a self-propagating reaction in the RCM, forexample, by applying a spark, an energy pulse, focusing energy to aselected depth in the region defining the optical component, and/orapplying pressure. The reaction in the RCM may change a dielectricmaterial into a metal or another dielectric material, and/or change ametal into a dielectric material or other conductor.

Further, in method 700, selectively reacting a portion of the RCM maygenerate exothermic heat (and/or absorb endothermic heat), whichmodifies properties (e.g. dielectric properties) of portions adjoiningthe RCM in the region. The modification may be because of heat transfer,and/or mixing or reaction of material species changing properties ofportions adjoining the RCM in the region.

The RCM used in method 700 may include, for example, reactive metalsand/or metal oxides, Ba, carbon and its compounds, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Fe,Hf, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti, Th, V, W, and Zr. Mo, Cu, Ti, Zr,Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ni. Zr, B, C, Si, Al, Fe₂0₃, Cu_(z)O, MoO₃,FeCo, FeCoO_(x), a carbide, a nitride, monel, an alloy, a metallicglass, or a metal ceramic. The RCM may be in any suitable form (e.g., asa multi-dimensional pattern, a multilayered structure, particles,islands, and/or reactive nanofoils).

In some implementations of method 700, disposing RCM may includedisposing RCM in an interconnection region between two opticalsubregions in the optical component. The RCM disposed in theinterconnection region may be responsive to optically connect ordisconnect the two optical subregions upon reaction.

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary method 800 making a metamaterial device orcomponent based on RCM materials. Method 800 may include disposing aplurality of RCM in or proximate to a region defining the metamaterialcomponent (810), and forming a particular arrangement of artificialstructural elements by selectively reacting the RCM so that the regionexhibits metamaterial properties related to the particular arrangementof artificial structural elements (820).

At least one artificial structural element may have a dimension that issimilar to or less than a selected wavelength (e.g., a wavelength in theRF, MW, THz, IR, visible, or UV ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum)at which the region exhibits metamaterial properties.

In method 800, forming a particular arrangement of artificial structuralelements may involve forming adjoining structural elements having atleast one different physical property (e.g. a permittivity, an index ofrefraction, an absorption coefficient, a conductivity, a magneticsusceptibility, a compositional property, a spectral property, atransmission property, or a reflection property) and may involvealtering pre-existing artificial structural elements in the region.

Further in method 800, the types and/or forms of RCM used may be thesame or similar to types and/or forms of RCM, which have been previouslydescribed herein (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 1-7). Likewise, inmethod 800 the techniques or processes for selectively reacting the RCMand results of the reaction may be the same or similar to thosepreviously described herein (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 1-7).

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Itwill be understood that the various aspects and embodiments disclosedherein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to belimiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing claims. For example, methods 700 and 800 may include modifyingproperties of pre-existing optical and metamaterial devices,respectively, by reacting RCM and or host materials therein.Modification of pre-existing metamaterial devices or structures byreacting RCM and or host materials therein may allow users to control orcustomize the devices' metamaterial responses (e.g., wavelength orfrequency, quality factor (Q)), etc.).

1-66. (canceled)
 67. A method, comprising: providing a plurality of RCM in or proximate to a region defining the metamaterial component; and forming a particular arrangement of artificial structural elements by selectively reacting the RCM in or proximate to the region defining the metamaterial component, wherein the particular arrangement is selected to correspond to a particular set of metamaterial properties of the metamaterial component.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein forming a particular arrangement of artificial structural elements comprises forming an artificial structural element having a dimension that is less than a selected wavelength at which the region exhibits metamaterial properties.
 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the selected wavelength is a wavelength in the RF, MW, THz, IR, visible, or UV ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 70. The method of claim 67, wherein forming a particular arrangement of artificial structural elements comprises forming adjoining structural elements having at least one different physical property.
 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the at least one different physical property is one of a permittivity, an index of refraction, an absorption coefficient, a conductivity, a magnetic susceptibility, a compositional property, a spectral property, a transmission property, or a reflection property.
 72. The method of claim 67, wherein forming a particular arrangement of artificial structural elements comprises altering pre-existing artificial structural elements in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 73. (canceled)
 74. The method of claim 67, wherein selectively reacting the RCM in the region comprises applying an energy pulse to the RCM.
 75. The method of claim 74, wherein applying an energy pulse comprises focusing energy to a selected depth in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 76. The method of claim 67, wherein selectively reacting the RCM comprises initiating a pressure-induced reaction in the RCM.
 77. (canceled)
 78. The method of claim 67, wherein selectively reacting the RCM comprises changing a dielectric material into a metal and/or changing a metal into a dielectric material.
 79. (canceled)
 80. The method of claim 67, wherein selectively reacting the RCM comprises changing a dielectric material into another dielectric material.
 81. The method of claim 67, wherein selectively reacting the RCM comprises generating exothermic heat to modify properties of portions adjoining the RCM in the region.
 82. The method of claim 67, wherein selectively reacting the RCM comprises changing dielectric properties of portions adjoining the RCM in the region.
 83. The method of claim 67, wherein selectively reacting the RCM comprises changing a volume occupied by the RCM.
 84. (canceled)
 85. The method of claim 67, wherein providing a plurality of RCM comprises providing at least one of Ba, carbon and its compounds, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Fe, Hf, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti, Th, V, W, and Zr. Mo, Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ni. Zr, B, C, Si, Al, Fe203, CuzO, MoO3, FeCo, FeCoOx, a carbide, a nitride, monel, an alloy, a metallic glass, or a metal ceramic.
 86. The method of claim 67, wherein providing a plurality of RCM comprises providing RCM in a multi-dimensional pattern in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 87. The method of claim 67, wherein providing a plurality of RCM comprises providing multilayered RCM in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 88. The method of claim 67, wherein providing multilayered RCM comprises providing reactive nanofoils in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 89. (canceled)
 90. A metamaterial component, comprising: a particular arrangement of artificial structural elements that provide metamaterial properties to the metamaterial component, wherein the particular arrangement of artificial structural elements includes reaction product material resulting from selectively reacted RCM disposed in or proximate to a region defining the metamaterial component.
 91. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the particular arrangement of artificial structural elements comprises an artificial structural element having a dimension that is less than a selected wavelength at which the component exhibits metamaterial properties.
 92. The method of claim 91, wherein the selected wavelength is a wavelength in the RF, MW, THz, IR, visible, or UV ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 93. The metamaterial component of claim 90, further comprising unreacted RCM disposed in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 94. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein at least one physical property of the metamaterial element is a function of the reaction product material.
 95. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein at least one of a permittivity, an index of refraction, an absorption coefficient, a conductivity, a magnetic susceptibility, a compositional property, a spectral property, a transmission property, or a reflection property of the metamaterial element is a function of the reaction product material.
 96. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the reaction product material alters pre-existing artificial structural elements in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 97. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the reaction product material in an artificial structural element alters dielectric properties of an adjoining artificial structural element.
 98. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein selectively reacting the RCM comprises changing a volume occupied by the RCM.
 99. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the reaction product material comprises a reaction product of reactive metals and/or metal oxides.
 100. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the reaction product material comprises a reaction product of a reaction with at least one of Ba, carbon and its compounds, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Fe, Hf, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti, Th, V, W, and Zr. Mo, Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ni. Zr, B, C, Si, Al, Fe203, CuzO, MoO3, FeCo, FeCoOx, a carbide, a nitride, monel, an alloy, a metallic glass, or a metal ceramic.
 101. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the reaction product material comprises a reaction product of RCM disposed in a multi-dimensional pattern in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 102. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the reaction product material comprises a reaction product of multilayered RCM disposed in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 103. The metamaterial component of claim 90, wherein the reaction product material comprises a reaction product of reactive nanofoils disposed in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 104. A customizable metamaterial component blank, comprising; a pattern of RCM disposed in or proximate to a region defining the metamaterial component blank, wherein the pattern of RCM corresponds to one or more selectable metamaterial component configurations of artificial structural elements.
 105. The metamaterial component of claim 104, wherein the artificial structural elements include at least one element having a dimension that is less than a selected wavelength at which a selected metamaterial component configuration exhibits metamaterial properties.
 106. The method of claim 105, wherein the selected wavelength is a wavelength in the RF, MW, THz, IR, visible, or UV ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 107. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM comprise reactive metals and/or metal oxides.
 108. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM comprise at least one of Ba, carbon and its compounds, Ca, Ce, Cr, Co, Fe, Hf, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti, Th, V, W, and Zr. Mo, Cu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ni. Zr, B, C, Si, Al, Fe203, CuzO, MoO3, FeCo, FeCoOx, a carbide, a nitride, monel, an alloy, a metallic glass, or a metal ceramic.
 109. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM comprise RCM disposed in a multi-dimensional pattern in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 110. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM comprise multilayered RCM disposed in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 111. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM comprise reactive nanofoils disposed in the region defining the metamaterial component.
 112. The component blank of claim 104, wherein one or more of a permittivity, an index of refraction, an absorption coefficient, a conductivity, a magnetic susceptibility, a spectral property, a transmission property, or a reflection property of the region is responsive to a reaction of the RCM.
 113. The component blank of claim 104, wherein one or more of a shape, elasticity, density, crystallinity, and/or size of the component blank is responsive to a reaction of the RCM.
 114. The component blank of claim 104, wherein one or more of a RF, MW, THz, IR, visible, and/or UV property of the component blank is responsive to a reaction of the RCM.
 115. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM are reactive in response to a spark or ignition pulse.
 116. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM are reactive in response to an applied energy pulse.
 117. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM are reactive in response to an energy pulse focused to a selected depth in the component blank.
 118. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM are reactive in response to applied pressure.
 119. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM are configured to sustain a self-propagating reaction.
 120. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM change a dielectric material into a metal upon reaction.
 121. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM change a metal into a dielectric material upon reaction.
 122. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM change a dielectric material into another dielectric material upon reaction.
 123. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM generate exothermic heat upon reaction to modify properties of portions adjoining the RCM in the region.
 124. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM change a volume occupied by the RCM upon reaction.
 125. The component blank of claim 104, wherein the RCM change dielectric properties of portions adjoining the RCM upon reaction. 